The Congress Movement, based on primary and secondary sources including some 80 interviews dating back to the early 1960s, uniquely combines narrative and analysis. Volume 2 examines the intricate development of the ICU and the ANC in the second half of the 1920s. Various trends of reformism and radicalism affected these two organizations. This later led to the beginning of the breakup of the ICU with the secession of the Natal contingent, in part under the influence of a narrow ethnic Zulu nationalism. The breakwaway also took place in the wake of an important phase in which the ICU leaders had become identified with a peasant uprising on white-owned farms. CONTENTS: The ICU, LIBERALS, LABOURITES, AND BRITISH SOCIAL DEMOCRATS, 1926-28: RECONSTRUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA'S SOCIOECONOMIC RELATIONS? The Johannesburg Joint Council Liberals. The Problem of a United Front with Liberals and Labourites. The Economic and Wage Commission: 1925–26. The Issue of the Extension of the Labour Legislation to African Workers: 1927–29. The Retreat of the JJC Liberals Begins. The Question of the Registration and Recognition of the ICU: 1924–mid-1928. A New Phase Opens During 1928 in Regard to the ICU’s Status. The Reorganisation of the South African Trade Union Movement. Labour and the Question of the Promotion of the Manufacturing Industry. The ICU and the Economic and Wage Commission. The ICU at the Time of Its 1926 Conference. Developments in the British Labour Movement, Particularly From 1925 to 1927. Kadalie and the Labour Movement in Europe. THE AFRICAN MOVEMENT IN 1926-27: THE PROBLEM OF REFORMISM. Congress Leaders Ensure That the ICU Decision for a Political Bureau is Dropped. The Weakening of the Position of the Radicals In and Around the ANC's 1926 Conference. A Right Wing, Centering on Thema and Selby Msimang, Begins to Shape Up in the ANC. The ANC's National Executive Committee Position 1926. Mahabane Returns from Overseas and the ANC's January 1927 Conference. Mahabane and the Franchise, First Half of 1927: The Convention of Chiefs. The Response of Selope Thema and Richard Msimang to the Convention of Chiefs. Some Comments on the ICU's Group and Regional Profile. The Decline of the African Movement on the Rand. Municipal Locations Become Important Places for Organisational Activity. What Role Did the Shift of the ICU Axis to Natal Play in the Anticommunist Move? CHAMPION-KADALIE ALLIANCE, 1926-APRIL 1927: ANTI-COMMUNISM GATHERS PACE. Champion's Birth and Childhood. Champion Goes to Johannesburg: His Experience on the Mines and Role in the TNMCA. Champion Joins the ICU. Champion and the Economic and Wage Commission. Champion and the Natal African Congress. Champion's Early Activities in Natal. Champion and the National ICU in Early 1926. Champion's Methods in Natal Lead Him into Conflict With the Communists. Kadalie Challenges His Ban. Kadalie's Growing Financial Dependence on Champion. Loosening of Central Control. Rising Tensions Between the ICU and the Communist Party. The Conflicts Become Centered in Johannesburg. Was the Anti-Communist Move Directed Against La Guma? The ICU National Council Meeting: December 1926. The Communist Party Fails to Mobilize an Effective Opposition. The Reaction of Mbeki, 'Mote, and Khaile to the December NC Meeting. The Influence of JT Gumede on His Return from Brussels, April 1927. The ICU's April 1927 Conference. THE LAND QUESTION COMES TO THE FORE, 1927-29: RURAL UPSURGE. The Question of Labour-Tenacy. The Native Administration Act: 1927. The Madeley Affair. Balinger, the Liberals, and Rural Questions. The Liberals, Kadalie, and the Pass Issue. The ICU and the Rural Question: 1920–26. The Communists and the Land Question. The ICU and the Land Question: mid-1926 to April 1927. Kadalie and the Land Question. The ANC–ICU Relations in the Midst of the Revolt and Their Respective Attitudes to the Land Question. The Nature of the Upsurge. Forms of Resistance. CHAMPION BREAKS WITH THE NATIONAL ICU, 1928: RUL